The history of tin
Tin-containing bronze tin is one of the earliest metals discovered and widely used by mankind. The English name: Tin, the element symbol Sn, is derived from the Latin Stannum, and has been discovered in prehistoric times. Since tin in nature rarely exists in a free state, there is very little pure metallic tin. The main tin-containing mineral is cassiterite, and its chemical composition is tin dioxide. As long as the cassiterite and charcoal are burnt together, the charcoal will reduce the tin from the cassiterite. Obviously, if the ancients burned wild animals on a bonfire where there were tin mines, they would find sparkling metallic tin liquid.
In ancient times, the first metals discovered and widely used were copper and tin. The alloy of tin and copper is bronze. Because of its excellent properties, it has been widely used as soon as it is discovered, and it has written a very glorious page in the history of human civilization-the Bronze Age.
The use of tin can be traced back to 3700 BC. Tin was used to harden copper in the 36th century BC. In ancient times, people often put tin blocks at the bottom of wells to purify water. In the Japanese court, the sake brewed with tin ware was also used as a vessel for wine. Around 3000 BC, people in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Indus Valley began to use bronze (the ratio of tin to copper is 3:7). Archaeologists found a tin ring and pilgrimage bottle in an Egyptian tomb of the Eighteenth Dynasty (1580-1350 BC).
The earliest mining and use of tin in our country was about 700 BC, and the present Yunnan area is the first area in my country where tin mining and use were discovered. It was used as the main material for weapons during the Warring States Period. According to legend, Wuxi was rich in tin during the Warring States Period, and the war caused the use of tin mines. Wuxi was named after it, and people used it as the hope that there would be no war in the world. In some ancient tombs in our country, some tin pots and tin candle holders are often found. According to textual research, the use of tinware was very common in my country during the Zhou Dynasty.
Pure tin was also found in Machu Picchu, the mountain castle of the Incas. Tin-made daily necessities were also found in ancient tombs in Egypt. The peaceful and silky characteristics of tin ware, its noble and elegant shape, and its long-lasting new luster, have always been favored by aristocrats. It has become a symbol of classical culture in Europe. It can be made into a variety of wine sets, candle holders, tea sets, vases, etc. .
Since 1970, people have used it to prevent air pollution. The toxic carbon monoxide in automobile exhaust gas can be converted into carbon dioxide at 300°C under the catalysis of tin dioxide. With the rapid development of modern technology, tin has become more and more widely used in industrial and agricultural production, as well as in cutting-edge technology sectors.
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Tin is produced in about 35 countries in the world. Almost every continent has important tin-producing countries.
Tin is relatively scarce in the earth's crust, accounting for only two millionths of the earth's crust. 80% of tin deposits are sedimentary rocks, and at least half of the tin comes from Southeast Asia (from central China to Indonesia via Thailand).
The most important tin ore is cassiterite (SnO2). The raw ore in the tin ore contains about 5% tin. First, the ore must be crushed and purified in different ways. The purified tin ore contains 75% tin. In the refining furnace tin is reduced from its minerals with carbon. The temperature in the refining furnace is slightly higher than the melting point of tin, and the melting point of impurities is higher than this temperature, so the reduced tin can flow out of the furnace. A small amount of tin comes from its sulfides such as cylindrite, sulphur-silver-tin, and sulphur-tin-lead. More and more tin is recycled.
China's tin production accounts for about 30% of the world's total, other Southeast Asian countries together account for 30%, and South America accounts for 20%.
Tin industry development
Large-scale tin mining began after industrialization in the 19th century, especially at the beginning of the 20th century. With the continuous development of the tin industry, tin has gradually become an indispensable key rare metal in modern industry. It is mainly used for tinplate production, electroplating, corrosion science, and welding. , Materials, tin chemical products and other metallurgical uses of tin are widely used in cutting-edge technology fields such as electronics, information, electrical appliances, chemicals, metallurgy, building materials, machinery, food packaging, aerospace, ships, fuels, atomic energy and spacecraft. It is called "Industrial MSG". From the analysis of the current world tin production and sales structure, with the continuous development of the world economy, the international tin market demand continues to grow, the new capacity of global mines is limited, and Indonesia, the world's largest exporter of tin ingots and tin concentrates, has started from 2013 Since July 1, the export of tin ingots with a purity of less than 99.9% will be restricted, and the international tin market is currently in short supply.
In the medium and long term, the growth of tin demand is inseparable from the continuous rapid development of the electronics industry and the development of other emerging industries that demand tin, such as electronic solder in the semiconductor industry, solder in the photovoltaic industry, and hydroxystannic acid in PVC flame retardant Zinc etc. Although there are also some traditional industries that will gradually replace tin with other materials in the use of materials, such as replacing tin with aluminum for food packaging, and replacing tin alloys with other alloys, the overall demand for tin will continue to grow, and the shortage of tin metal supply will Still maintain a longer pattern. With the continuous consumption of tin resources, the recycled tin industry will gradually become an important source of supply in the international tin market. At present, the tin production technology in China and Peru is relatively developed in the world. The tin crafts of Malaysia and Thailand are world-renowned, and the tin deep processing products of developed countries such as Europe, America and Japan have obvious advantages. A global tin industry pattern has been formed in which developing countries focus on raw materials and developed countries focus on deep processing.
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